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Legislation barred them from the right to vote, to hold public office or to own property, limited employment and housing and imposed many other restrictions. Chinese people were reduced to second-class status as an inferior race ( see Racism). A national federation of Chinese organizations was one of many that exhausted all legal and political avenues to repeal the Act, which they named the “forty-three harsh regulations.”Īt the onset of the Chinese Immigration Act, prejudice and discrimination were already well entrenched. The passing of the Chinese Immigration Act was one such occasion. There were rare instances, however, that brought disparate groups together. Differences in political ideologies resulted in conflicting views about events unfolding in China. Political associations, on the other hand, were competitive in signing up members, regardless of surnames and place of birth. These organizations, some of the membership of which was based on shared surnames, some on common place of origin, provided a haven for the bachelor society. With the absence of family life, the Chinese community found support through their traditional associations, not only for socialization and relaxation, but also for financial aid, banking services, social services and employment and housing assistance. Whether or not they were Canadian-born or naturalized, they were not allowed to sponsor family members to join them in Canada. A mere handful had the financial means to make a trip to China a few times during the exclusionary years to either marry or visit their wives and children. Enduring this family separation, these “married bachelors” lived alone.
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In 1941 there were 29,033 Chinese men in Canada, over 80 per cent of whom were married with wives and children left behind in China. Not only did the law ban Chinese immigration, it also intentionally disrupted family life and stunted community growth.īachelor society in Toronto's Chinatown, 1923. The population decreased by 25 per cent, from 39,587 in 1921 to 32,528 by 1951. During the exclusionary period, fewer than 50 Chinese immigrants were allowed entry. The Chinese in Canada referred to this day as “Humiliation Day” and refused to join in its celebrations for many years.įrom the government’s point of view, the Chinese Immigration Act was an overwhelming success. On 1 July 1923, Dominion Day, now called Canada Day, the Chinese Immigration Act, a new law with the same name, was passed. A harsher solution was required: exclusion. The Chinese population tripled during the head-tax era, from 13,000 in 1885 to 39,587 in 1921. It became clear that this punitive entry fee did not discourage Chinese immigration, as intended. The head tax was increased to $100 in 1900 and to $500 in 1903. Under that law, a $50 head tax was levied on all Chinese immigrants. (The “yellow peril” reference to Chinese and Japanese people originated in the late 1800s after they arrived as labourers in the United States and Canada it expressed Western prejudice towards East Asian immigrants.) The Canadian government’s most racist and exclusionary law, however, was the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885. Political cartoon from the Saturday Sunset, 24 August 1907, with the caption, "The same act which excludes orientals should open the portals of British Columbia to white immigration."Īfter the completion of the CPR, agitation against the “yellow peril” gathered momentum, resulting in over 100 provincial laws and policies that restricted the rights of Chinese residents. While the act did not name any racial or ethnic groups, it did allow for the restriction of “immigrants belonging to any race deemed unsuited to the climate or requirements of Canada,” the ethnic basis for Canadian immigration policy until 1967 ( see Prejudice and Discrimination).
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The second major Chinese influx to the province came as labourers for the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway (1881–85), a labour force much needed for the development of Western Canada but not desirable as citizens for a “White Canada forever.” This popular phrase among politicians and the media was derived from the White Canada policy laid down in the Immigration Act of 1910. The anti-Chinese movement took root after the first wave of Chinese immigrants began arriving in British Columbia for the gold rush of 1858.
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Identification card issued on, for three-year-old Wong Toy Jin in compliance with one-year deadline for registration of all Canadian-born and naturalized Chinese residents.